Characterization of a PV cell/module

Characterization of a PV cell/module:- 

The low output of partially shaded solar cells in a photo-voltaic (PV) module leads to the operation of a bypass diode and results in the reduction of maximum power in the PV module. This is attributed to changing generation into reverse bias state for shaded solar cell. The reverse biased condition of shaded solar cells leads to power dissipation resulting in an increase in the surface temperature, which, for example, results in the evolution of hot spots. If the reverse bias cross the shaded solar cells is not limited by a bypass diode, the solar cell will be irreversibly damaged. It has attributed hot spots in solar cells to the relationship of the operation of a bypass diode and the reverse biased condition of the solar cells. The different maximum temperature in crystalline solar cell including hot spot is empirically analyzed by the relationships with the number of solar cells per string, shading rate and shading location in PV module.